Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) of a Simple Pendulum Essay Example for Free

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) of a Simple Pendulum Essay Objectives: To study the simple harmonic motion (SHM) of a simple pendulum and to investigate the phase relationship between the displacement, velocity and acceleration, and to investigate how acceleration is related to displacement in a simple harmonic motion. Apparatus: * half metre rule * a light string * pendulum bob * video camera with tripod stand * computer with Motion Video Analysis (MVA) software and Microsoft Excel installed Experimental design: Fig. 0 Theory: For an object or mass moving in a simple harmonic motion, the displacement, velocity and acceleration change periodically in both magnitude and direction. The acceleration in particular is always proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position and must always be directed towards the equilibrium point. Mathematically it can be expressed as a = -kx, where k is a constant and x is the displacement from the equilibrium point. Also for a simple harmonic oscillation, the period or frequency of oscillation is independent of the amplitude of the motion. In Figure 1, x is the displacement of the pendulum bob from the equilibrium point Q. Points P and R are points where the maximum displacement (amplitude A) can be obtained. Theoretically, the following equations are true for S.H.M.: When the motion starts at the equilibrium position (point Q) x = A sin ?t where ? is angular velocity v = ? A cos ?t a = ?2A sin ?t Period T = 2 ? / ? Fig. 1 When the motion starts at the position where the amplitude is obtained (point P or R) x = A cos ?t where ? is angular velocity v = ? A sin ?t a = ?2A cos ?t Period T = 2 ? / ? In theory, the displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs should be in a sine or cosine curve. Moreover, the velocity graph should lead the displacement by a quarter of the cycle (? = 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), and the acceleration graph should lead the velocity by also a quarter of the cycle. This can be illustrated by the fig. 2(a), (b) and (c). Fig. 2(a): Graph of displacement x against time (Suppose the motion starts at the point where lower amplitude is obtained) Fig. 2(b): Graph of velocity v against time Fig.2(c): Graph of acceleration a against time Procedure: 1. The set-up was assembled in the following procedures: (a) One end of the spring is clamped firmly on the stand. (b) The ringed mass was attached to the other end of the spring. (c) A half-metre rule was clamped on the stand beside the spring and mass such that the top of the half-metre rule corresponds to the top of the spring. (Refer to Fig. 0) (d) The equilibrium position was marked by a sticker. 2. Take readings by using the apparatus in the following procedures: (a) Student holding the white foam board (Student A) (i) Hold the white foam board behind the set up so that the movement of the spring system is not disturbed by any other backgrounds. (b) Student conducting the experiment (Student B) (i) Stand beside the set up. Make sure that the spring system at equilibrium is in a steady and stable condition. (ii) When the video taking was on, pull down the spring some distance (e.g. about 5 cm) and set the spring moving. (iii) Make sure the spring is mostly moving in a vertical direction and not swinging to and fro. (iv) After a few oscillations, ask student C to stop the video. (c) Student conducting the video-taking (Student C) (i) Set up the video camera and fix it on the tripod stand firmly. (ii) Adjust the position of the camera so that the spring system and the movement of the spring is shown clearly. (iii) Watch out for Student B to start or stop the video-taking. 3. Convert the video into suitable format. 4. Use the MVA software to record the positions and times for 2 complete oscillations of the mass. Save the project and export the data to a text file. 5. Use Microsoft Excel to open the exported files and plot the graphs for displacement, velocity and acceleration against time respectively. Also plot a graph of acceleration against time. Results and Measurements: (Copied from the data of MVA software) Values of velocity is found by the equation: (x2-x1)/(t2/t1), whereas x1=-7.54E-02 x2= -4.08E-02, t1=0.00E+00 ,t2=6.67E-02 Values of acceleration is found by the equation: (v2-v1)/(t2-t1) Whereas v1= -1.30E-02,v2= 5.20E-01, t1=0.00E+00 ,t2=6.67E-02 E+00= 100=1; E-01=10-1; E-02=10-2 E-03=10-3 (See the bolded ones as reference) BR/-Index Time(s) x-coordinate (displacement in x-direction)/m y-coordinate (displacement in y-direction)/m Velocity(v)/ms-1 Acceleration(a)ms-2 BR /0.00E+00 -5.80E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 BR /1.00E+00 0.00E+00 -7.54E-02 1.02E-02 -1.30E-02 BR /2.00E+00 6.67E-02 -4.08E-02 0.00E+00 5.20E-01 7.99E+00 BR /3.00E+00 1.33E-01 -1.63E-02 0.00E+00 3.67E-01 -2.29E+00 BR /4.00E+00 2.00E-01 1.43E-02 -2.04E-03 4.59E-01 1.38E+00 BR /5.00E+00 2.67E-01 3.87E-02 -4.08E-03 3.67E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /6.00E+00 3.33E-01 6.73E-02 -4.08E-03 4.28E-01 9.17E-01 BR /7.00E+00 4.00E-01 8.97E-02 -4.08E-03 3.36E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /8.00E+00 4.67E-01 1.08E-01 -8.15E-03 2.75E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /9.00E+00 5.33E-01 1.30E-01 -4.08E-03 3.36E-01 9.17E-01 BR /1.00E+01 6.00E-01 1.45E-01 -6.11E-03 2.14E-01 -1.83E+00 BR /1.10E+01 6.67E-01 1.57E-01 -6.11E-03 1.83E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /1.20E+01 7.33E-01 1.57E-01 -8.15E-03 0.00E+00 -2.75E+00 BR /1.30E+01 8.00E-01 1.63E-01 -1.02E-02 9.17E-02 1.38E+00 BR /1.40E+01 8.67E-01 1.57E-01 -1.02E-02 -9.17E-02 -2.75E+00 BR /1.50E+01 9.33E-01 1.53E-01 -1.02E-02 -6.11E-02 4.59E-01 BR /1.60E+01 1.00E+00 1.39E-01 -1.02E-02 -2.14E-01 -2.29E+00 BR /1.70E+01 1.07E+00 1.22E-01 -8.15E-03 -2.45E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /1.80E+01 1.13E+00 1.04E-01 -1.02E-02 -2.75E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /1.90E+01 1.20E+00 8.56E-02 -6.11E-03 -2.75E-01 6.64E-06 BR /2.00E+01 1.27E+00 6.11E-02 -2.04E-03 -3.67E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /2.10E+01 1.33E+00 3.87E-02 2.04E-03 -3.36E-01 4.59E-01 BR /2.20E+01 1.40E+00 8.15E-03 -2.04E-03 -4.59E-01 -1.83E+00 BR /2.30E+01 1.47E+00 -1.63E-02 0.00E+00 -3.67E-01 1.38E+00 BR /2.40E+01 1.53E+00 -4.69E-02 2.04E-03 -4.59E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /2.50E+01 1.60E+00 -8.36E-02 8.15E-03 -5.50E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /2.60E+01 1.67E+00 -1.08E-01 1.43E-02 -3.67E-01 2.75E+00 BR /2.70E+01 1.73E+00 -1.32E-01 1.63E-02 -3.67E-01 -7.58E-06 BR /2.80E+01 1.80E+00 -1.59E-01 1.63E-02 -3.97E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /2.90E+01 1.87E+00 -1.81E-01 1.83E-02 -3.36E-01 9.17E-01 BR /3.00E+01 1.93E+00 -2.02E-01 2.04E-02 -3.06E-01 4.59E-01 BR /3.10E+01 2.00E+00 -2.26E-01 2.65E-02 -3.67E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /3.20E+01 2.07E+00 -2.41E-01 2.85E-02 -2.14E-01 2.29E+00 BR /3.30E+01 2.13E+00 -2.47E-01 2.85E-02 -9.17E-02 1.83E+00 BR /3.40E+01 2.20E+00 -2.59E-01 3.06E-02 -1.83E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /3.50E+01 2.27E+00 -2.65E-01 3.06E-02 -9.17E-02 1.38E+00 BR /3.60E+01 2.33E+00 -2.71E-01 3.06E-02 -9.17E-02 1.86E-07 BR /3.70E+01 2.40E+00 -2.55E-01 3.06E-02 2.45E-01 5.04E+00 BR /3.80E+01 2.47E+00 -2.43E-01 2.85E-02 1.83E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /3.90E+01 2.53E+00 -2.32E-01 2.85E-02 1.53E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /4.00E+01 2.60E+00 -2.20E-01 2.65E-02 1.83E-01 4.59E-01 BR /4.10E+01 2.67E+00 -1.98E-01 2.45E-02 3.36E-01 2.29E+00 BR /4.20E+01 2.73E+00 -1.79E-01 2.24E-02 2.75E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /4.30E+01 2.80E+00 -1.57E-01 2.24E-02 3.36E-01 9.17E-01 BR /4.40E+01 2.87E+00 -1.30E-01 1.83E-02 3.97E-01 9.17E-01 BR /4.50E+01 2.93E+00 -1.06E-01 1.22E-02 3.67E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /4.60E+01 3.00E+00 -8.36E-02 1.02E-02 3.36E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /4.70E+01 3.07E+00 -4.28E-02 6.11E-03 6.11E-01 4.13E+00 BR /4.80E+01 3.13E+00 -1.83E-02 6.11E-03 3.67E-01 -3.67E+00 BR /4.90E+01 3.20E+00 1.43E-02 4.08E-03 4.89E-01 1.83E+00 BR /5.00E+01 3.27E+00 3.87E-02 2.04E-03 3.67E-01 -1.83E+00 BR /5.10E+01 3.33E+00 6.93E-02 -4.08E-03 4.59E-01 1.38E+00 BR /5.20E+01 3.40E+00 9.17E-02 -2.04E-03 3.36E-01 -1.83E+00 BR /5.30E+01 3.47E+00 1.14E-01 -2.04E-03 3.36E-01 9.00E-07 BR /5.40E+01 3.53E+00 1.32E-01 -2.04E-03 2.75E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /5.50E+01 3.60E+00 1.43E-01 -4.08E-03 1.53E-01 -1.83E+00 BR /5.60E+01 3.67E+00 1.53E-01 -4.08E-03 1.53E-01 2.12E-14 BR /5.70E+01 3.73E+00 1.63E-01 -4.08E-03 1.53E-01 1.19E-06 BR /5.80E+01 3.80E+00 1.55E-01 -4.08E-03 -1.22E-01 -4.13E+00 BR /5.90E+01 3.87E+00 1.47E-01 -4.08E-03 -1.22E-01 1.21E-14 BR /6.00E+01 3.93E+00 1.41E-01 -6.11E-03 -9.17E-02 4.59E-01 BR /6.10E+01 4.00E+00 1.35E-01 -6.11E-03 -9.17E-02 -1.86E-07 BR /6.20E+01 4.07E+00 1.26E-01 -6.11E-03 -1.22E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /6.30E+01 4.13E+00 1.08E-01 0.00E+00 -2.75E-01 -2.29E+00 BR /6.40E+01 4.20E+00 8.56E-02 -4.08E-03 -3.36E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /6.50E+01 4.27E+00 6.11E-02 -4.08E-03 -3.67E-01 -4.59E-01 BR /6.60E+01 4.33E+00 3.26E-02 -2.04E-03 -4.28E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /6.70E+01 4.40E+00 6.11E-03 2.04E-03 -3.97E-01 4.59E-01 BR /6.80E+01 4.47E+00 -2.65E-02 2.04E-03 -4.89E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /6.90E+01 4.53E+00 -5.30E-02 8.15E-03 -3.97E-01 1.38E+00 BR /7.00E+01 4.60E+00 -8.36E-02 8.15E-03 -4.59E-01 -9.17E-01 BR /7.10E+01 4.67E+00 -1.10E-01 8.15E-03 -3.97E-01 9.17E-01 BR /7.20E+01 4.73E+00 -1.43E-01 1.83E-02 -4.89E-01 -1.38E+00 BR /7.30E+01 4.80E+00 -1.59E-01 1.43E-02 -2.45E-01 3.67E+00 BR /7.40E+01 4.87E+00 -1.88E-01 2.04E-02 -4.28E-01 -2.75E+00 BR /7.50E+01 4.93E+00 -2.06E-01 2.04E-02 -2.75E-01 2.29E+00 BR /7.60E+01 5.00E+00 -2.16E-01 2.04E-02 -1.53E-01 1.83E+00 BR /7.70E+01 5.07E+00 -2.38E-01 2.65E-02 -3.36E-01 -2.75E+00 BR /7.80E+01 5.13E+00 -2.49E-01 2.85E-02 -1.53E-01 2.75E+00 BR /7.90E+01 5.20E+00 -2.55E-01 2.85E-02 -9.17E-02 9.17E-01 BR /8.00E+01 5.27E+00 -2.59E-01 2.85E-02 -6.11E-02 4.59E-01 BR /8.10E+01 5.33E+00 -2.57E-01 2.85E-02 3.06E-02 1.38E+00 BR /8.20E+01 5.40E+00 -2.51E-01 2.85E-02 9.17E-02 9.17E-01 BR /8.30E+01 5.47E+00 -2.43E-01 3.06E-02 1.22E-01 4.59E-01 BR /8.40E+01 5.53E+00 -2.30E-01 2.65E-02 1.83E-01 9.17E-01 BR /8.50E+01 5.60E+00 -2.16E-01 2.65E-02 2.14E-01 4.59E-01 BR /8.60E+01 5.67E+00 -1.96E-01 2.65E-02 3.06E-01 1.38E+00 BR /8.70E+01 5.73E+00 -1.71E-01 2.24E-02 3.67E-01 9.17E-01 BR /8.80E+01 5.80E+00 -1.63E-01 2.04E-02 1.22E-01 -3.67E+00 BR /8.90E+01 5.87E+00 -1.22E-01 1.63E-02 6.11E-01 7.34E+00 BR /9.00E+01 5.93E+00 -9.78E-02 1.22E-02 3.67E-01 -3.67E+00 Experimental results in graphical representation: Analysis: (a) Shape of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs From the experimental results and the graphs plotted above, it appears clearly that the displacement-time, velocity-time are in the form of sine and cosine curves respectively. For acceleration-time, due to errors in marking, may not appear as clear as sine curves. It can be seen more clearly after drawing a trend line. (b) Value of amplitude A and ? it can be read from the graph of x against time that the amplitude is within the range of 0.15-0.25m. Also, read from the graph, ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.0s (c) The phase relationship between the displacement, velocity and acceleration By comparing the graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time, it can be seen that the velocity leads the displacement by a quarter of the cycle, and the acceleration leads the velocity also by a quarter of the cycle. (d) The relationship between acceleration and displacement in a simple harmonic motion From the graph of acceleration against displacement x, the points tend to form a straight line going through the origin with a negative slope. It can be deduced that acceleration is directly proportional to displacement in a simple harmonic motion and is in an opposite direction to x. Error and Accuracy: Errors Systematic Error Random Error The motion of the spring system is not entirely vertical. The half-metre rule is not clamped vertically. The origin is not marked very accurately in the MVA software. The two ends of the half-metre rule are not marked accurately in the MVA software. The position of mass marked for each time interval may not be the same for all time intervals. There may be a damping effect by air resistance. The spring may not be perfectly elastic (1) The motion of the spring system is not entirely vertical No matter how carefully we set the motion off, the spring may not be moving vertically all throughout the motion. It may swing to and fro instead, hence the motion may not be entirely a simple harmonic motion, causing deviations in displacement obtained. (2) The half-metre rule is not clamped vertically The half-metre rule is not entirely vertical, so the marked points on the MVA software do not indicate an actual distance of 0.5 m. As the MVA software requires the setting of the end points of the half-metre rule as a reference to locate the displacement, the displacement at each time interval does not reflect the true value of the displacement. (3) The origin is not marked very accurately in the MVA software The inaccuracy of the centre of mass marked in the MVA software will result in the shifting up or down of the graphs of displacement, velocity and acceleration against time. (4) The two ends of the half-metre rule are not marked accurately in the MVA software As the two ends of the half-metre rule may not be marked accurately in the MVA software, the distance marked may not be exactly 0.5 m. Same as error (2), as the MVA software requires the setting of the end points of the half-metre rule as a reference to locate the displacement, the displacement at each time interval does not reflect the true value of the displacement. (5) The position of mass marked for each time interval may not be the same for all time intervals It is difficult to locate the mass at the same position for each time interval, therefore the displacement obtained is not accurate for each time interval. (6) There may be a damping effect by air resistance Air resistance exists, hence a damping force acts on the mass in motion, resulting in smaller and smaller amplitude obtained and also causing deviations in displacement. (7) The spring may not be perfectly elastic As the spring provided may not be perfect, the whole motion may not be entirely a simple harmonic motion. The graphs obtained from the experimental results may not truly reflect the characteristics of a simple harmonic motion. Conclusion The velocity leads the displacement by a quarter of the cycle, and the acceleration leads the velocity also by a quarter of the cycle. Also, the acceleration is directly proportional to displacement in a simple harmonic motion and is in an opposite direction to x. Possible improvements of the experiment 1. A heavier mass could be used to obtain a smoother motion. 2. If possible, more trials can be done to average out the random errors and obtain a better result.

War :: essays research papers fc

Recent photographs of Iraqi Prisoners Of War (POWs) being humiliated and abused by United States armed forces have caused uproar and disgust throughout the world. The sole purpose of any war is to win; either through destroying the enemy, or the achieving a specific goal. Why then should coalition forces be held to a higher standard in regard to treatment of POWs than the rest of the world? To fully explore this question we must understand the history of POWs, and the role that the United States plays in world affairs. During the 1991 Gulf War, pictures of American pilots beaten and bleeding were shown to the world. Civilized nations were outraged. As Major Rhonda Cornum told of being molested, Colonel Jeff Tice told of being electrocuted, and other American and British pilots read scripted statements on television (PBS), civilized nations were appalled. Throughout the years, prisoners have been interrogated and mistreated by their captors. Vietnamese soldiers housed prisoners in substandard shelter or even pits throughout their country. The most famous POW camp was known as the â€Å"Hanoi Hilton†. Here, POWs where beaten, tortured and humiliated for years. Brainwashing techniques were perfected by North Korea during The Korean Conflict. World War I POWs were forced into labor camps or systematically murdered through â€Å"death marches† where guards would force prisoners to march until they died from exhaustion in an effort to reduce the number of prisoners in the camps. World War I I POWs were killed, or used for medical experiments. The United Sates Department of Defense recognizes table below outlines the prominent type of torture administered during each of the official US Wars (DoD, 47). After the wars ended, and it was discovered just how badly the POWs were treated, civilized nations convinced themselves that torture and abuse were the acts of uncivilized nations ruled by madmen. Principal Wars in which the US Participated Official War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Torture technique Revolutionary War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Murder, destruction of property War of 1812  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rape, theft, Arson Indian Wars  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scalping, murder, rape Mexican War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Murder Civil War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hanging, destruction of property Spanish-American War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  providing only saltwater to drink-causing dehydration and hallucinations World War I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleep deprivation, murder World War II  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (sexual) enslavement, medical experiments, death marches Korean War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  re-education, Bataan Death March, physical torture Vietnam War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cutting off various body parts to get other prisoners to talk, Sleep deprivation, bamboo under fingernails Gulf War-1991  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrocution, humiliation, beatings, Sleep deprivation Gulf War-2003  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religious and sexual abuse, humiliation, beatings, sleep deprivation The United States has, from the onset of the Civil war, led the moral and ethical charge for proper care and treatment of prisoners of War.

Kodak and Fujifilm

Kodak and Fujifilm Kodak and Fujifilm are well known companies in the households in the United States and across the world. Few people know the actual history of both companies and the competition they have been in over the years. It’s an interesting history on how both companies started and how they have developed and challenged each other over the years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, started his business career as a 14-year old boy when he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. Mr.Eastman had a gift for organization and management while his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties. What sparked the idea of a simple camera was that his coworker suggested he make a record of his vacation to Santo Domingo. As a result, he became absorbed with photography and wanting to simplify the photography process. Eastman started Kodak in 1880 and built it on four basic principles: mass production at low co st, international distribution, extensive advertising, and a focus on the customer.Later on he added the following policies: foster growth and development through continuing research, treat employees in a fair, self-respecting way, and reinvest profits to build and extend the business. Mr. Eastman started the company by manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. One mishap almost shut down the company when dry plates that were sold went bad. Eastman came up with a quick solution to recall the bad plates and replace them with a good product. His quick thinking saved the company and the company’s reputation.Mr. Eastman began experiments that focused on the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. He began advertising to the public to look out for a new product that will prove an economical and convenient substitute for glass dry plates for outdoors and studio work. Once he started perfecting the transparent roll film and the roll holder, Eastman realized he would have to reach out to the general public and amateur photography. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. They developed the slogan â€Å"you press the button, we do the rest. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a plentitude of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. The company Kodak has grown to be is known not only for photography but also for images used in leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. They are constantly developing technology to combine images and information which is creating the potential to greatly change how businesses and people communicate.Eastman’s goal was to make photography â€Å"as convenient as the pencil† while Kodak is continuing to expand the ways images touch people’s lives. Kodak continues to rank as a premier multinational corporation and with a brand that is recognized in nearly every country. Kodak has been involved in technological innovation throughout the motion picture industry as well as the health imaging industry, document imaging, printing and publishing, and space exploration. Mr. Eastman believed employees should have more than good wages. He believed that worker’s goodwill and loyalty contributed to the prosperity of an organization.Eastman started the â€Å"Wage Dividend† in which each employee benefited from the yearly dividend on the company stock above his or her wages. The wage dividends represented a large part of the company’s net earnings; the wage dividends were viewed as an innovation. To show even more appreciation to his employees, Eastman gave one-third of his own holdings of company stock to his employees. He also provided them with a retirement annuity, life insurance and disability benefit plans. (History of Kodak) Fujifilm was established in 1934 in Japan.Fujifilm has established itself as a leader in in the motion picture photography, videotape, audio tape and floppy disc industries. The company is also involved in still cameras, camcorders, photofinishing equipment, paper and chemicals, imaging and information products for office and medical use markets. The company first started out producing motion picture film, dry plates and photographic paper. It was hard to develop brand recognition at first partly because of the competition with Eastman Kodak. Because of this, Fujifilm focused on improving the quality of the products it developed.Since the company was focused on the quality of the products, it developed its first film product and a motion picture negative film which proved to many in Japan that Fujifilm was technically proficient in the motion-picture industry. After World War II, Fuji was able to begin exporting film and optical products to South America and Asia. The postwar boom was a great advantage to Fuji with the demands for new products to be developed. One d ownfall for Eastman Kodak but an advantage to Fuji was when Kodak agreed to let Fuji produce black and white amateur roll film during 1952 and three more black and white roll film products by 1958.The company became the number one manufacturer of consumer films in Japan. Because of the agreement with Kodak this opened doors for Fuji and they were able to make more export agreements and opened sales offices in other countries, including the United States. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I, 2010) Fujifilm still had to overcome two major challenges: Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm’s reputation for below-par film product. Fuji tackled the challenge of film product and developed film and paper that was compatible with the processing systems mostly used worldwide.In 1969 all of their films, photo paper and chemicals completely matched the processing systems. They saw a significant upsurge in their exports. The other challenge was going head to head with Kodak wh ich they took on full-force. When Fuji entered the US market, it introduced a cartridge-film eight-millimeter home movie system. Kodak retaliated with introducing their system which swept Fuji aside and took control of the world market. The market started to notice that Fuji’s film was faster than Kodak’s and produced warmer tones.Fuji advertised making sure amateurs and professionals knew the difference while Kodak continued to concentrate on the beginner/amateur consumers. In 1972, Fuji marketed a film in the US with their name on it. Fuji gained its first significant market share with this product. To try and stay ahead of Kodak, Fuji had to develop, manufacture and market equivalent products quickly before Kodak released new products. By 1980, Fuji was the third largest film producer and stayed competitive by increasing its prices a lot less than the other manufactures.The also took advantage of the growing consumer demand for audio and videotapes. Their early mark eting to amateur and professionals paid off since many amateurs wanted to shoot pictures with high quality film. This boosted Fuji’s status to the second largest film manufacturer. A major advantage Fuji had was researching electronic technology before Kodak. Fuji beat Kodak out for a 1984 Olympics sponsorship which was a huge breakthrough for Fuji. Fuji also took full advantage of the untapped market of disposable cameras. They sold 1. million cameras in 6 months which took them to the top as the number one global camera manufacturer in 1992. Fuji introduced the first digital camera in 1988 which was a historical moment in the camera industry. Fuji has been an innovative competitor since the start of the company. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II, 2010) Kodak failed to grasp the importance of the complex environmental changes that were occurring in the industry. They didn’t react fast enough to stay as the leading company in the industry and Fujifilm took advantage of that.While Kodak had the technological skills to develop products, their rigid leadership culture prevented them from adapting with the changes taking place. Kodak had the â€Å"mentality of perfect products, rather than the high-tech mindset of make it, launch it, fix it. † Fujifilm embraced the changes that were occurring in the photographic market. They diversified through acquisition and changed its business model to conquer digital photography with a commitment to innovation and new technologies. Fuji showed a technological discontinuity by developing the first digital camera.This shows they are innovative and creative in their thinking and think ahead of what is happening in the industry. (Integrated Company Analysis, 2009) One major management concept that has impacted both Fuji and Kodak are their marketing strategies. While Kodak was focused on marketing to amateur photographers, Fuji took it a step beyond and focused on amateurs and profes sionals. This has had a huge impact on both companies. Kodak is focused on positioning itself as providing user-friendly products while the quality of some of their products contradict that claim.This has kept Kodak from advancing as they should have while Fuji has seen a huge benefit from their marketing strategy. I view Fujifilm as a prospector since they think outside of the box and look at what is needed in the future. Kodak started out originally as a prospector but has turned to be a reactor. Kodak is at the point where they are developing products in response to products being released from their competitors, mainly Fujifilm. I believe that Kodak needs to look at their current situation and assess what they need to do to become more profitable again and rebuild their reputation.I can see Kodak using the retrenchment strategy for the redevelopment of the company. One action that leaves it questionable about Fujifilm’s ethical approach is when Kodak filed a complaint wit h the United States that Fuji was blocking their products from entering the Japanese market. Looking at the situation, it could be the Japanese government that had the ethical and social responsibility for these actions. The blocking of Kodak entering the Japanese market maintained the Fujifilm’s profits while it stopped potential revenue for Kodak.Even if the Japanese government would let Kodak sell its products in Japan, the Japanese citizens would most likely still purchase Fujifilm since that is the product that they recognize and are familiar with. Kodak over the years has slowed down it’s adaptation to the market condition changes. When Mr. Eastman was in charge, the business stayed ahead of the industry and adapted well. As the years have gone by that situation has changed to where Kodak reacts after changes have been made. Their reactions are to produce a product so fast that it makes inferior products, which has affected Kodak’s reputation in the indust ry.Fujifilm adapts well to the change in the market conditions. In fact, they are in the forefront of anticipating what is needed next by the consumers. One way a company should build in flexibility is to have openness. Company executives need to be open to new ideas, information sources, and roles. Typically companies stick with the routine processes and don’t consider ideas that may be suggested by people and other sources outside of the company. Some companies are not receptive to ideas that are internally suggested by their own employees either.In order to prosper and advance, company executives need to be able and willing to take ideas and suggestions into consideration. Another way to build in flexibility is the processes of decision making. Companies need to analyze how and if their decision process works. They need re-examine the assumptions that bring the decision to a given point. Executives also should refine their plans according with the brief feedback they recei ve. Companies have to be careful not to develop a competitive inertia where they are reluctant to change their current strategies because they want to keep their current processes which have been successful so far.A third way is to develop a shadow strategy task force. Companies need to analyze themselves and determine what their weaknesses are to be able to make adjustments to strengthen them. One way to look at your weaknesses is to think like your competitors and try to determine how the company can be exploited for competitive advantage. The company should have a wide range of employees on the task force to provide opinions, suggestions and information instead of the task force being only executives.Companies can learn a lot from researching Kodak and Fujifilm’s history. Their history shows how strong companies can be and the bumps in the road they encounter by not adapting to change and competition. There is definitely a lesson in what to do and what not to do as you are building your company and making it stronger throughout the years. References: 1. History of Kodak. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. kodak. com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak/Imaging-_the_basics. htm 2. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I (2010).Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1682-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-1 3. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II (2010). Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1686-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-2 4. Integrated Company Analysis – Kodak. Fall 2009. Wisconsin School of Business. Retrieved from http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/09%20Fall/kodak_rep. pdf

Drugs, Alcohol, And Addiction Unit - 1486 Words

Drug, Alcohol, and Addiction Unit Lesson One: Introduction to Alcohol Learning Objective: By the end of the lesson the students should have a good grasp on the fact that when you put alcohol in your body you can’t do things you normally would be able to do. Activity: Dollar Bill Jump Concept: When you are under the influence of some drugs, you have the belief that you can accomplish certain tasks when in reality you can’t. This activity sounds so easy that everyone thinks they could do it. However, when they try, they find the task to be impossible for most and tough for all. Materials: †¢ A dollar bill †¢ A roll of masking tape Activity: 1. For the classroom demonstration, choose one person to come up in front of the class. 2. Place†¦show more content†¦3. Does the impaired person know that he can’t do certain activities like drive a car? 4. Would we do things while impaired that normally we would not do? 5. How can we help a friend when he is impaired but doesn’t know it? Lesson Two: Introduction to Tobacco Learning Objective: By the end of this lesson students will be able to understand how smoking and tobacco effects our lungs and our ability to breath comfortably. Activity: Jogging in Place Concept: When a person smokes a cigarette he is inhaling tar into his lungs. The lungs have tiny sacs called â€Å"alveoli†. These sacs allow the breathing process to work. Some of the tar that makes its way into the lungs becomes deposited in these tiny air sacs. Two things can occur. First, the sacs can become filled up with tar and cease to function. Second, the air sacs can fill up with tar and burst. Either way, it reduces the ability of your lungs to do their job. When this occurs, you experience a shortness of breath. When it becomes severe, it is called emphysema. But you don’t have to have to have emphysema to have reduced breathing capacity. This can occur just a short time after you start smoking. Here is a fun fact, the tar that is used in cigarettes is the same tar that is used to make asphalt roads. If you were to smoke one pack of cigarettes per day for a year, you would be inhaling the equivalent of a quart jar of tar into your lungs per year. Materials: †¢ One drinking straw for each